Monday, 29 September 2014

Modernism and the Machine

Progress and Efficiency 

Frederick Winslow Taylor thought he was designing a new world when he developed a working system known as Taylorism. This is what we see now in warehouses, people stood by conveyor belts for umpteen hours per day. He argues that dividing labour roles so that each person repeated the same small task continuously would make for progress in the work place. Henry Ford used this new assembly line system as it went from taking 12 hours to 2 hours to make one of his cars. This method also requires no extra skills as it is doing the same thing over and over again. German Trade unionists were concerned that this would dehumanize people, "Life is not determined by consciousness but consciousness by life." Quoted by Marx in Shaw (2008), the idea of "alienated labour." William Morris also criticised the idea, "Apart from the desire to produce beautiful things, the leading passion of my life has been and is hatred of modern civilization.”  How I Became a Socialist, William Morris

Anxiety and the Machine

Women, nature and the machine had become a mass of significations which all had one very existence: otherness; by their very existence they raised fears and threatened male authority and control - Hayssen, A. (1980) After the Great Devide: Modernism, Mass Culture and Post Modernism, London P70.

Modernism and the Machine

Bauhaus Art School (1919 - 1933) were the next generation in design. 
Modernist design favoured:
  • Progress
  • Democracy; designs affordable for the average person
  • New technology
  • New materials
  • Simple lines
  • Rational forms
  • Abstract and Geometric
  • Less is more
Modernist design rejected:
  • History
  • Elitism
  • The hierarchy of fine arts over the world
  • Equality (not being able to physically see who is rich and poor from their clothes/belongings 
Weissenhof Estate housing, JJP Oud, Stuttgart
The Weissenhoff Estate designed by 17 Architects. Art Deco
Evan. (2009). 
DE STIJL ARCHITECTURE. Available: http://cosmogeny.wordpress.com/2009/02/09/de-stijl-architecture/. Last accessed 29th Sep 2014.
A few examples that show these favoured ideas in action are the Weissenhof Estate exibition and the Frankfurt Kitchen

Grete Schütte-Lihotzky and Ernst May, “Frankfurt” Kitchen, 1926-1929Adam M. (2010). Art History. Available: http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/ah235/deck/113880. Last accessed 29th Sep 2014.

Constructivists celebrated industrial and political symbols for example Lyubov Popova and Varvara Stepanova. 


Varvara Stepanova poster
Wiki. (2010). Varvara Stepanova. Available: http://www.designishistory.com/1920/varvara-stepanova/. Last accessed 29th Sep 2014.
Popova Air Man Space.jpg
Lyubov Popova Abstract Painting
Wiki. (2014). Lyubov Popova. Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyubov_Popova. Last accessed 29th Sep 2014.

Futurist Movement: Radicalism

Expressive use of words, "Abolish even punctuation" 

Saturday, 27 September 2014

The Illusionist Review

The Illusionist Poster (2006)
Wikipedia.org
The Illusionist (2006) Directed by Neil Burger has the same moral story as the one from the fable “The Most Incredible Thing.” The undertones of corruption in the patriarchal society of the 19th Century is consistent throughout the film. The way the actors portrayed the people mirrored the attitudes they would have had well. During this period, society had started to become more cynical towards magical things, referring to them as ‘illusions’ or ‘tricks’ rather than ‘special powers.’
With this skepticism also came an intellectual reaction against received authority, for example when the public protested after the arrest of Eisenheim or when he stood up to the police and said the Highness had murdered Sophie.
“Are you completely corrupt?”
“No, not completely, no, which is why I advise you to not accuse any one, especially his Imperial Highness or you ought to end up in jail yourself.”
That contradictory comment is extremely frustrating, it is the epitome of what an implicit dictatorship is all about, with power comes corruption. This problem is still apparent in present time; from the protests in Hong Kong this weekend to the situation in Iraq. The challenging storyline gives me the ever-circling question: Is the Heir a bad character? I’m straining to think back to when he’d been awfully wrong. I understand that he was planning to overthrow his Father and he wanted Sophie to gain control of Hungary however this isn’t a violent act nor would it devastate much as he seemed to know what was good for him and others.


Although I could express my enthusiasm towards the amazing costume and prop design as well as the characters and storyline in depth, I can’t help but focus more on the universal problem; when will democracy be what it really means? 

Thursday, 25 September 2014

Anatomy Project: Drawing From Life

This project is about observation. I have a journal separate from my other projects and briefs, this seems more personal however still educational. The process of this book will be from my own actions and thoughts however I also plan to develop my skills in capturing emotion and telling a story from single observational sketches.  "...they are a place to play, a
safe haven away from our embedded editor. We vent and brainstorm and try
on different guises in our journals."  Jennifer New (2005). Drawing From Life: The Journal as Art. China: Princeton Architectural Press. 13.  Illustrator John Clapp also made a point similar to this, "Journals, they are a collection of things I’m curious about, like the Smithsonian: ‘the attic of mankind.”Jennifer New (2005). Drawing From Life: The Journal as Art. China: Princeton Architectural Press. 13.  I researched him and found that he has beautiful examples of what a journal can look like, his observational drawings are complemented by text and quotes. Singular words jump out at you whilst you get a feel of the place he'd been. 


I travel a lot and I am constantly on trains and waiting on platforms. This could be a good direction to go towards.

Tuesday, 23 September 2014

Modernism & After

When we think modern we think of new and improved things, the latest gadgets and contemporary design. However, modernism revolving around Western culture is in fact classed as between 18th and 19th century, with the 17th to the 18th century being the Enlightenment era. A quote by philosopher, economist and sociologist, Karl Marx (1818 – 1883) highlights exactly what is meant by the idea of modernism – “All that is solid melts into air.” The idea that everything is constantly changing challenges the concept of the word ‘modern.’ From the writer H.G. Wells, "The crisis of today is the joke of tomorrow" (1920) up to Politian Tony Blaire, “The scale of challenges now dwarf what we faces in 1997” (2008) it shows that the changes in which we face and have face have been and will continue to be consistent.
During the Enlightenment period, the importance of rationality and science rather than faith, superstition and tradition surfaced. Intellectual reaction against received authority i.e. The French Revolution. The need for progress, the thriving optimism and desire for absolute knowledge became the step towards the industrial revolution (1760 – 1840). Areas changed from rural to urban with new working and living conditions. There were factories, mass production and major transformation. However with that came social alienation, this caused the growth of railways and transport.
The Arts and Crafts Movement was dominant during this period. (Stenburg Bros.: Man With a Movie Camera poster.) Modernism in Visual Communication became surreal, graphic and fragmented. This contrasts to the usual detailed, fantastical and classical illustrations that once were. Now it would involve mixed media and edgy design, espousal of the new and rejection of history and tradition. It was the utopian desire to create a better world from scratch. With design came the almost messianic belief in the power and potential of the machine and industrial technology; rejection of applied ornament and decoration, an embrace of abstraction.
Skandium. (2010). Miature zig zag.www.skandium.com/miniature-zig-zag-stoel.  Last accessed 23rd Sep 2014. 

Modernism and revolution in architecture and design revolved around form following function, Louis Sullivan, also known as 'the father of modernism' was the creator of the skyscraper. Another example of basic functional design is the Zig Zag chair designed by Gerrit Rietveld in 1934, objects and designs are now legacies from a previous original idea. Traditional design had been replaced with contemporary. Another example would be the iPod and the record player, both have the same function however one is more practical.

Cargo. (2010). Industrial Revolution Illustration.http://ben-jennings.com/Industrial-Revolution-Illustration. Last accessed 23rd Sep 2014.
Cargo. (2011). Photomontage: A collection. 
http://cargocollective.com/mat200a/Photomontage-A-Collection. Last accessed 23rd Sep 2014.
We as humans want to make our mark in the world. From the cave drawings around 30,000 years ago to graffiti today, we are continuously influenced by what is around us and what is to come. Cartoonist, Ben Jennings illustrates what is around him. He has a series of pictures created from the influence of the industrial revolution. Current artists today are influenced by photographs and drawings from those who created art subjected by their society at the time, thus the paradox continues. Alexander Rodchenko is one of many examples who were part of the change.


Modernism is an umbrella term for a wide array of movements which mostly occurred after the World War, characterised by changing attitudes, innovation and freedom from realism. 

Brief 2: Broadside

This project is an introduction to print. Print has been used over the years as a way to get a message out on a wide scale. Copy after copy of the same thing for example a poster or a newspaper. Before newspapers there were what are called Broadsides. These were posters of information e.i. news, sales, events etc. My task is to create a Broadside of my own using a a famous speech. Since attending my context lectures on Modernism & After, I immediately thought of the amazing speech Charlie Chaplin did in The Great Dictator. It says everything about what we are, where we're going and what we've come from.


"Don’t give yourselves to these unnatural men - machine men with machine minds and machine hearts! You are not machines!"

"The way of life can be free and beautiful, but we have lost the way."


Broadside ballad entitled 'Where did you get that hat?'
National Library of Scotland . (2004). Broadsides. http://digital.nls.uk/broadsides/broadside.cfm/id/15063.
 Last accessed 23rd Sep 2014
I especially like this broadside advert, this is what I'd imagined when before researching them. This was created 1880-1900 by James Rolmaz.

My time at the print workshop will be spent learning the ways of relief printing. After researching the basic process, it helps me think of a design that will work for this technique. This technique is very old and traditional however also quite challenging and time consuming.

Photography + Printing press both represented the modern, mechanical modes of (re)production. As was trying to use type in a more expressive way.

Australian Art Print Network. (1996 - 2014). Relief Printing.
http://www.aboriginalartprints.com.au/printmaking_techniques.php?printmaking_id=17. Last accessed 23 Sep 2014.

Lynette Weir

Friday, 19 September 2014

Brief 1: The Most Incredible Thing

I have been given a brief in which I need to create a few images that interpret the fable, written by Hans Christian Andersen. It is only short as the deadline is this Friday.


The Story



T

HE one who could do the most incredible thing should have the king’s daughter and the half of his kingdom.

The young men, and even the old ones, strained all their thoughts, sinews, and muscles; two ate themselves to death, and one drank until he died, to do the most incredible thing according to their own taste, but it was not in this way it was to be done. Little boys in the streets practised spitting on their own backs, they considered that the most incredible thing.
On a certain day an exhibition was to be held of what each had to show as the most incredible. The judges who were chosen were children from three years old to people up in the sixties. There was a whole exhibition of incredible things, but all soon agreed that the most incredible was a huge clock in a case marvellously designed inside and out.
On the stroke of every hour living figures came out, which showed what hour was striking: there were twelve representations in all, with moving figures and with music and conversation.
That was the most incredible thing,” the people said.
The clock struck one, and Moses stood on the mountain and wrote down on the tables of the law the first commandment, “There is only one true God.”
The clock struck two, and the garden of Eden appeared, where Adam and Eve met, happy both of them, without having so much as a wardrobe; they did not need one either.
On the stroke of three, the three kings from the East were shown; one of them was coal-black, but he could not, help that,—the sun had blackened him. They came with incense and treasures.
On the stroke of four came the four seasons: spring with a cuckoo on a budding beech-bough; summer with a grasshopper on a stalk of ripe corn; autumn with an empty stork’s nest-the birds were flown; winter with an old crow which could tell stories in the chimney-corner, old memories.
When the clock struck five, the five senses appeared sight as a spectacle-maker, hearing as a coppersmith, smell sold violets and woodruff, taste was cook, and feeling was an undertaker with crape down to his heels.
The clock struck six; and there sat a gambler who threw the dice, and the highest side was turned up and showed six.
Then came the seven days of the week, or the seven deadly sins, people were not certain which; they belonged to each other and were not easily distinguished.
Then came a choir of monks and sang the eight o’clock service.
On the stroke of nine came the nine muses; one was busy with astronomy; one with historical archives; the others belonged to the theatre.
On the stroke of ten, Moses again came forward with the tables of the law, on which stood all God’s commandments, and they were ten.
The clock struck again; then little boys and girls danced and hopped about. They played a game, and sang, “Two and two and seven, the clock has struck eleven.”
When twelve struck the watchman appeared with his fur cap and halberd: he sang the old watch verse:
“Twas at the midnight hour
Our Saviour He was born.”
And while he sang, roses grew and changed into angel-beads borne on rainbow-coloured wings.
It was charming to hear, and lovely to see. The whole was a matchless work of art—the most incredible thing, every one said.
The designer of it was a young man, good-hearted and happy as a child, a true friend, and good to his old parents; he deserved the Princess and the half of the kingdom.
The day of decision arrived; the whole of the town had a holiday, and the Princess sat on the throne, which had got new horse-hair, but which was not any more comfortable. The judges round about looked very knowingly at he one who was to win, and he stood glad and confident; his good fortune was certain, he had made the most incredible thing.
“No, I shall do that now!” shouted just then a long bony fellow. “I am the man for the most incredible thing,” and he swung a great axe at the work of art.
Crash, crash!” and there lay the whole of it. Wheels and springs flew in all directions; everything was destroyed.
“That I could do!” said the man. “My work has overcome his and overcome all of you. I have done the most incredible thing.
“To destroy such a work of art!” said the judges. “Yes, certainly that is the most incredible thing.”
All the people said the same, and so he was to have the Princess and the half of the kingdom, for a promise is a promise, even if it is of the most incredible kind.
It was announced with trumpet-blast from the ramparts and from all the towers that the marriage should be celebrated. The Princess was not quite pleased about it, but she looked charming and was gorgeously dressed. The church shone with candles; it shows best late in the evening. The noble maidens of the town sang and led the bride forward; the knights sang and accompanied the bridegroom. He strutted as if he could never be broken.
Now the singing stopped and one could have heard a pin fall, but in the midst of the silence the great church door flew open with a crash and clatter, and boom! boom! the whole of the clock-work came marching up the passage and planted itself between the bride and bridegroom. Dead men cannot walk again, we know that very well, but a work of art can walk again; the body was knocked to pieces, but not the spirit; the spirit of the work walked, and that in deadly earnest.
The work of art stood there precisely as if it were whole and untouched. The hours struck, the one after the other, up to twelve, and the figures swarmed forward; first Moses: flames of fire seemed to flash from his forehead; he threw the heavy stone tables down on the feet of the bridegroom and pinned them to the church floor.
“I cannot lift them again,” said Moses, “you have knocked my arm off! Stand as you stand now!”
Then came Adam and Eve, the wise men from the East, and the four Seasons; each of these told him unpleasant truths, and said “For shame!”
But he was not in the least ashamed.
All the figures which each stroke of the clock had to exhibit came out of it, and all increased to a terrible size; there seemed scarcely to he room for the real people; and when at the stroke of twelve the watchman appeared with his fur cap and halberd, there was a wonderful commotion; the watchman walked straight up to the bridegroom and struck him on the forehead with his halberd.
“Lie there,” he said, “like for like! we are avenged and our master as well! we vanish!”
And so the whole work disappeared; but the candles round about in the church became great bouquets, and the gilded stars on the ceiling of the church sent out long, clear beams, and the organ played of itself. All the people said it was the most incredible thing they had ever experienced.
“Will you then summon the right one!” said the Princess, “the one who made the work of art; let him be my lord and husband.
And he stood in the church with the whole of the people for his retinue. All were glad and all blessed him; there was not one who was jealous—and that was the most incredible thing of all. (ZviHar’El. (2007). The Most Incredible Thing. Available: http://hca.gilead.org.il/inkling/most_incredible.html. Last accessed 22nd Sep 2014.)



First Thoughts

After reading the text I realise the difficulty in depicting the story in three images. All of which being three different things so 1 single page spread, 1 double page spread and 1 one spot illustration. I began by picking out certain pieces of text that stood out to me. I am aware that the description of the clock is by far the most visual part however having to interpret that into a singular image would be difficult. Not everything needs to be illustrated for the reader to understand therefore when drawing the clock I will simply make it look magical by surrounding it with colours and creating a sense of awe around it. This will enable the reader to understand the clock is magical whilst creating their own personal imagery in their head. 


Storyboards


To start off my ideas I created a story board of important events that I highlighted throughout the text. By doing this I can gain further thoughts and narrow it down to three more in depth pieces.



After the first story board I can see where I can blend scenes together to make one picture, this will allow me to create a furthermore detailed storyboard which will help me fully finalize my ideas.




Character Analysis


The Princess
As I read the text, I imagined a grouchy young princess fed up with all of the barbaric lengths a man would go to to marry her. In the end she finds the man of her dreams however the good-hearted young man was no match for the angry jealous man who got her instead by destroying the other's masterpiece. This depicts how the patriarchal society was in the 19th Century. It also reminds me of a book I once had from a series of books called 'I Want A...' written and illustrated by Tony Ross. The character was a princess who got grouchy every time someone told her what to do or if she didn't get what she wanted.
Apple Inc.. (2014). I Want a Boyfriend! Little Princess. https://itunes.apple.com/gb/book/i-want-a-boyfriend. Last accessed 22nd Sep 2014.





The Queue
The queue of men sounded comical, most of them being idiotic. I watched the cartoon animation of them in my head as I read the description and I thought no wonder the Princess seemed miserable. I imagined a Jester being there trying to impress, so before putting pen to paper I had to research the 19th Century Jester outfit. I wasn't sure how to depict the men who ate themselves to death, but I came up with something linked to performing and entertaining. When drawing this, it made me refer back to the Horrible Histories series of books. The sketches come to life when accompanied with whitty comments and actions.
Illustration by Martin Brown
Design Agency. (2012). Horrible Histories. Available: http://www.holburne.org/horrible-histories/. Last accessed 22 Sep 2014.

The Guy with the Clock
The gentleman with the clock comes across as a genuine normal common man who is lovely and loyal and who cares for his elderly parents at home, I try to show this in my sketches. Nobody likes him for him as it's his magical clock is deemed as the most incredible thing until someone comes and destroys it, to which the audience swiftly change their minds.



The Jealous Guy
The man who blurted in and destroyed the clock was long, bony and skinny. This immediately gave me the image of a tall, lean man. He is posh, clever but intimidating and controlling. In the story this didn't matter as the audience applauded his 'heroic' actions, deeming him The Most Incredible Thing. He lost in the end, though. Compassion and love prevails! 

One-spot

To me, one spot illustrations are always exciting to see in a book. The three images required need to be varied in the respect that they all have their own best bits and they all tell a part of the story. Thinking of ways I can portray a scene in the story, I begin to think about some illustrators such as Brett Helquist who does a great deal of black and white drawings, complemented with boarders that give some of his illustrations a beautiful finish.  With this in mind, I have thought about drawing the clock after it being smashed in a similar way.
roses
Steven Malk . (2009). Illustrated Book Series.
http://www.bretthelquist.com Last accessed 22nd Sep 2014.
After the Wednesday meeting where I sat with a small group to discuss our roughs which we had made so far, I got advised by Lucy - our tutor - as to where to go from here. I had my story board narrowed down, and I figured how I could link 2 scenes into one. With this in mind I proceeded to create my final images.


Final One Spot illustration


Final Single-page Spread

Final Double-page Spread

The day of the deadline was extremely interesting to see how differently people work. We formed small groups and analysed each of our pieces with a questionnaire.